Alcohol and oesophageal (food pipe) cancer

Drinking alcohol causes cancer of the oesophagus – also sometimes known as the gullet or food pipe.³ The oesophagus is the pipe that connects your mouth to your stomach.

Not everyone who drinks alcohol will get food pipe cancer, but the risk start to increase even at low levels of drinking. So the less you drink, the more you reduce your risk.⁴

What is oesophageal cancer?

Food pipe cancer is a cancer in your oesophagus. Symptoms can include:⁵

• Having problems swallowing
• Feeling sick (nausea) or being sick (vomiting)
• Heartburn or acid reflux
• Symptoms of indigestion, like burping a lot
• A cough that isn’t getting better
• A hoarse voice
• Loss of appetite or losing weight without trying to
• Feeling tired or having no energy
• Pain in your throat or the middle of your chest, especially when swallowing

Some of these symptoms can be common for other less serious conditions, like acid reflux. But it’s important to make an appointment with your GP surgery if your symptoms persist, change, get worse, or don’t feel normal to you.

Alcohol and oesophageal cancer

If you drink regularly your food pipe will be in close contact with alcohol which increases your risk of cancer developing. That’s because drinking alcohol can alter cells in your food pipe to absorb carcinogens (substances that cause cancer) more easily,^6,7 and create a substance inside your body called acetaldehyde which can damage DNA.⁸

13% of cases of oesophageal cancer in the UK are caused by drinking alcohol.^9,10

To reduce your risk of oesophageal cancer you should drink within, and preferably below, the UK Chief Medical Officers’ low risk drinking guidelines of no more than 14 units per week for both men and women, spread over three or more days with several drink-free days, and no bingeing.¹¹

Smoking and drinking alcohol

Combining smoking with drinking alcohol significantly increases the risk of getting oesophageal cancer.¹² Tobacco is highly carcinogenic (meaning it’s a substance that causes cancer) and alcohol may make the food pipe more absorbent, which allows these carcinogens to enter the body.

Drinking alcohol increases the risk of oesophageal cancer by itself, and smoking increases this risk too - even if you don’t drink alcohol. But the harmful effect of smoking and drinking alcohol together is bigger than the sum of their individual effects.¹³

Preventing oesophageal cancer

There are several things you can do to lower your risk of developing oesophageal cancer:¹⁴

• Don’t drink, or drink below the UK Chief Medical Officers' (CMOs’) low risk drinking guidelines. The less alcohol you drink, the lower your risk
• Stop smoking
• Lose weight, if you’re overweight
• Let hot drinks cool down a bit before drinking them

Other types of mouth, throat, and voice box cancer

Although your food pipe connects your mouth and your stomach, doctors don’t group oesophageal cancer with other types of mouth, head, and neck cancer.

But mouth cancer, throat (pharyngeal) cancer, and voice box (laryngeal) cancer can also be caused by drinking alcohol. Find out more about them here:

• Mouth cancer
• Pharyngeal cancer (throat)
• Laryngeal cancer (voice box)

Take our free Drinking Check quiz to find out if your drinking could be putting your health at serious risk